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1 Bridge Inspection Programs II
1.1 History of the National Bridge Inspection Program
1.1.1 Introduction
1.1.2 History of the National Bridge Inspection Program
Background
The 1970’s
The 1980’s
The 1990’s
The 2000’s
1.1.3 Today's National Bridge Inspection Program
FHWA Training
Current FHWA Reference Material
1.2 Responsibilities of the Bridge Inspector
1.2.1 Introduction
1.2.2 Responsibilities of the Bridge Inspector and Engineer
Maintain Public Safety and Confidence
Protect Public Investment
Provide Bridge Inspection Program Support
Maintain Accurate Bridge Records
Fulfill Legal Responsibilities
Current NBIS Requirements
1.2.3 Qualifications of Bridge Inspectors
Program Manager
Team Leader
Inspector Qualifications
1.2.4 Liabilities
1.2.5 Quality Control and Quality Assurance
1.3 Quality Control and Quality Assurance
1.3.1 Introduction
1.3.2 Quality Control
1.3.3 Quality Assurance
1.3.4 Quality Control and Quality Assurance Framework
2 Safety Fundamentals for Bridge Inspectors
2.1 Duties of the Bridge Inspection Team
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Duties of the Bridge Inspection Team
2.1.3 Planning the Inspection
2.1.4 Preparing for Inspection
Review the Bridge Structure File
Identify Components and Elements
Develop Inspection Sequence
Prepare and Organize Notes, Forms, and Sketches
Arrange for Temporary Traffic Control
Special Considerations
2.1.5 Performing the Inspection
General Inspection Procedures
Inspection of Bridge Elements
Critical Findings
2.1.6 Preparing the Report
2.1.7 Identifying Items for Preservation and Follow-up for Critical Findings
2.1.8 Types of Bridge Inspection
Initial (Inventory)
Routine (Periodic)
Damage
In-Depth
Fracture Critical
Underwater
Special (Interim)
2.2 Safety Fundamentals for Bridge Inspectors
2.2.1 Importance of Bridge Inspection Safety
2.2.2 Safety Responsibilities
2.2.3 Personal Protection
Proper Inspection Attire
Inspection Safety Equipment
2.2.4 Causes of Accidents
General Causes
Specific Causes
2.2.5 Safety Precautions
General
Climbing Safety
Confined Spaces Precautions
Vegetation
Night work
Working Around Water
Culverts
Working Around Traffic
2.3 Temporary Traffic Control
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Philosophy and Fundamental Principles
Inform the Motorists
Control The Motorists
Provide a Clearly Marked Path
2.3.3 Inspector Safety Practices
Work Zone
Vehicles and Equipment
Workers
2.3.4 Principles of Temporary Traffic Control Devices
2.3.5 Types of Temporary Traffic Control Devices
Signs
Channelizing Devices
Lighting Devices
Flaggers
One-lane, Two-way Traffic Control
Shadow Vehicles
Police Assistance
Specialized Traffic Crews
2.3.6 Public Safety
Training
Responsibility
2.4 Inspection Equipment
2.4.1 Equipment Necessity
2.4.2 Standard Tools
Tools for Cleaning
Tools for Inspection
Tools for Visual Aid
Tools for Measuring
Tools for Documentation
Tools for Access
Miscellaneous Equipment
2.4.3 Special Equipment
Survey Equipment
Non-destructive Evaluation Equipment
Underwater Inspection Equipment
Other Special Equipment
2.4.4 Recent Developments in Equipment
Rotary Percussion
Scour Measurement
Scour Monitoring
Remote Camera
High Speed Underclearance Measurement System
Robots
Laser Scanning
Data Recording
Hardware
Software
2.4.5 Primary Safety Concerns
2.5 Methods of Access
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Types of Access Equipment
Ladders
Rigging
Scaffolds
Boats or Barges
Climbers
Bosun (or Boatswain) Chairs / Rappelling
Free Climbing
Permanent Inspection Structures
Inspection Robots
2.5.3 Types of Access Vehicles
Manlift
Scissors Lift
Bucket Truck
Under Bridge Inspection Vehicle
2.5.4 Method of Access and Cost Efficiency
2.5.5 Safety Considerations
Access Equipment
Access Vehicles
3 Basic Bridge Terminology
3.1 Basic Bridge Terminology
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 NBIS Structure Length
3.1.3 NBIS Bridge Length
3.1.4 Major Bridge Components
3.1.5 Basic Member Shapes
Timber Shapes
Concrete Shapes
Iron Shapes
Steel Shapes
3.1.6 Connections
Pin Connections
Riveted Connections
Bolted Connections
Welded Connections
Pin and Hanger Assemblies
Splice Connections
3.1.7 Decks
Deck Purpose
Deck Types
Deck Materials
Deck Appurtenances, Signing and Lighting
3.1.8 Superstructure
Superstructure Purpose
Superstructure Types
Superstructure Materials
Primary Members
Secondary Members
3.1.9 Bearings
Bearing Purpose
Bearing Types
Bearing Materials
Bearing Elements
3.1.10 Substructure
Substructure Purposes
Substructure Types
Substructure Materials
Substructure Elements
3.1.11 Culverts
Culvert Purpose
Culvert Materials
Culvert Types
4 Bridge Inspection Reporting
4.1 Structure Inventory
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 FHWA Structure Inventory, Appraisal and Condition Ratings
Substitutes for the SI&A Sheet
Data Entry Requirements
4.1.3 Inventory Items
4.1.4 Condition and Appraisal Rating Items
Condition Rating Items
Appraisal Rating Items
4.1.5 The Role of Inventory Items in Bridge Management Systems
4.2 Condition and Appraisal
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Condition Rating Items
Deck, Superstructure and Substructure
Evaluating Elements
Evaluating Components
Component Condition Rating Guidelines
4.2.3 Channel and Channel Protection Condition Ratings
General
Overall Condition
4.2.4 Culvert Condition Ratings
General
Evaluating Elements
Evaluating Components
Component Condition Rating Guidelines
4.2.5 Appraisal Rating Items
Appraisal Rating Guidelines
4.2.6 Functionally Obsolete and Structurally Deficient
Definitions
General Qualifications
4.2.7 Sufficiency Rating
Definition
Sufficiency Rating Formula
Uses
4.3 Introduction to Element Level Evaluation
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 Element Level Inspection Development
4.3.3 Element Level Rating Terminology
4.3.4 Basic Requirements of National Bridge Elements
4.3.5 Bridge Element Identification
National Bridge Elements
Bridge Management Elements
Defect Flags
Agency Developed Elements
4.3.6 Condition States
4.3.7 Feasible Actions
4.3.8 Environments
4.3.9 The Role of Element Level Data in Bridge Management Systems
4.4 Record Keeping and Documentation
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Bridge Records
Specifications
Correspondence
Photographs
Photo Log
Materials and Tests
Maintenance and Repair History
Coating History
Accident Records
Posting
Permit Loads
Flood and Scour Data
Traffic Data
Inspection History
Inspection Requirements
Structure Inventory and Appraisal Sheets
Inventories and Inspections
Rating Records
4.4.3 Methods of Inspection Documentation
Traditional
Electronic Data Collection
4.4.4 Inspection Report Documentation
Element Identification
Structure Site Orientation
Bridge Member Orientation
Element Dimensions
Inspection Notes and Sketches
Deficiency Identification
Deficiency Qualification
Deficiency Quantification
Deficiency Location
Summary of Findings
4.5 Critical Findings
4.5.1 Definition
4.5.2 Procedures
Procedures for Inspectors
Office Priority Maintenance Procedures
Bridge Closing Procedure
4.5.3 Examples of Critical Findings
Timber
Concrete
Steel
Roadside Hardware or Safety Features
Signs and Lighting
Other
4.5.4 Example Plans of Action
4.6 The Inspection Report
4.6.1 Introduction
4.6.2 Basic Components of a Comprehensive In-Depth Bridge Inspection Report
Table of Contents
Location Map
Bridge Description and History
Executive Summary
Inspection Procedures
Inspection Results
Load Rating Summary
Conclusions and Recommendations
Report Appendices
4.6.3 Basic Components of a Comprehensive Routine Inspection Report
Location Map
Inspection Procedures
Inspection Results
Load Rating Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
Report Appendices
4.6.4 Importance of the Inspection Report
Source of Information
Legal Document
Critical Findings
Maintenance
Load Rating Analysis
Bridge Management
4.6.5 Quality
5 Bridge Mechanics
5.1 Bridge Mechanics
5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.2 Bridge Design Loadings
Permanent Loads
Primary Transient Loads
Secondary Transient Loads
5.1.3 Bridge Response to Loadings
Equilibrium
Axial Forces
Bending Forces
Shear Forces
Torsional Forces
Reactions
5.1.4 Response to Loadings
Force
Stress
Deformation
Stress-Strain Relationship
Overloads
Ductility and Brittleness
Fatigue
Isotropy
5.1.5 Mechanics of Materials
Yield Strength
Tensile Strength
Toughness
5.1.6 Bridge Movements
Live Load Deflections
Thermal Movements
Rotational Movements
5.1.7 Design Methods
Allowable Stress Design
Load Factor Design
Load and Resistance Factor Design
5.1.8 Bridge Load Ratings
Inventory Rating
Operating Rating
Permit Loading
Rating Vehicles
Bridge Posting
5.1.9 Span Classifications
Simple
Continuous
Cantilever
5.1.10 Bridge Deck Interaction
Non-composite
Composite
Integral
Orthotropic
5.1.11 Redundancy
5.1.12 Foundations
6 Bridge Materials
6.1 Timber
6.1.1 Introduction
6.1.2 Basic Shapes Used in Bridge Construction
Round
Rectangular
Built-up Shapes
6.1.3 Properties of Timber
Physical Properties
Mechanical Properties
6.1.4 Timber Grading
Sawn Lumber
Glued-Laminated Lumber
6.1.5 Anticipated Modes of Timber Deficiency
Inherent Defects
Fungi
Insects
Marine Borers
Chemical Attack
Other Types and Sources of Deterioration
Protective Coating Failure
6.1.6 Protective Systems
Types and Characteristics of Wood Protectants
6.1.7 Inspection Methods for Timber
Visual Examination
Physical Examination
Advanced Inspection Methods
6.2 Concrete
6.2.1 Introduction
Portland Cement
Water
Air
Aggregates
Admixtures
6.2.2 Basic Shapes Used in Bridge Construction
Round
Rectangular
6.2.3 Properties of Concrete
Physical Properties
Mechanical Properties
High Performance Concrete
Ultra-High Performance Concrete
6.2.4 Reinforced Concrete
Conventionally Reinforced Concrete
Fiber Reinforced Polymer Applications
6.2.5 Prestressed Concrete
Prestressing Methods
Prestressing Reinforcement
6.2.6 Anticipated Modes of Concrete Deficiencies
Cracks
Scaling
Delamination
Spalling
Chloride Contamination
Freeze-Thaw
Efflorescence
Alkali-Silica Reaction
Ettringite Formation
Honeycombs
Pop-outs
Wear
Collision Damage
Abrasion
Overload Damage
Internal Steel Corrosion
Loss of Prestress
Carbonation
Other Causes of Concrete Deterioration
6.2.7 Protective Systems
Types and Characteristics of Concrete Coatings
Types and Characteristics of Reinforcement Coatings
6.2.8 Inspection Methods for Concrete and Protective Coatings
Visual Examination
Physical Examination
Advanced Inspection Methods
Physical Examination of Protective Coatings
6.3 Steel/Metal
6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.2 Common Methods of Steel Member Fabrication
6.3.3 Common Steel Shapes Used in Bridge Construction
6.3.4 Properties of Steel
Physical Properties
Mechanical Properties
High Performance Steel
6.3.5 Anticipated Modes of Steel Deficiencies
Corrosion
Fatigue Cracking
Overloads
Collision Damage
Heat Damage
Coating Failures
6.3.6 Protective Systems
Function of Protective Systems
Paint
Galvanic Action
Weathering Steel Patina
Protection of Suspension Cables and Stayed Cables
6.3.7 Inspection Methods for Steel
Visual Examination
Physical Examination
Advanced Inspection Methods
6.3.8 Other Bridge Materials
Cast Iron
Wrought Iron
Aluminum
6.4 Fatigue and Fracture in Steel
6.4.1 Introduction
Fracture Critical Member
Fatigue
Reviewing Member Forces
Redundancy
6.4.2 Failure Mechanics
Crack Initiation
Crack Propagation
Fracture
Fatigue Life
Types of Fractures
Factors that Determine Fracture Behavior
Fracture Toughness
6.4.3 Factors Affecting Fatigue Crack Initiation
Welds
Material Deficiencies
Fabrication Flaws
Transportation and Erection Flaws
In-Service Flaws
6.4.4 Factors Affecting Fatigue Crack Propagation
Stress Range
Number of Cycles
Types of Details
Flange Crack Failure Process
Web Crack Failure Process
6.4.5 AASHTO Detail Categories for Load-Induced Fatigue
6.4.6 Fracture Critical Bridge Types
6.4.7 Fracture Criticality
Details and Deficiencies
6.4.8 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
6.4.9 Evaluation
NBI Rating Guidelines and Element Level Condition State Assessment
6.5 Stone Masonry
6.5.1 Introduction
6.5.2 Properties of Stone Masonry
Physical Properties
Mechanical Properties
Mortar
6.5.3 Stone Masonry Construction Methods
Rubble Masonry
Squared-Stone Masonry
Ashlar Masonry
6.5.4 Anticipated Modes of Stone Masonry and Mortar Deficiency
6.5.5 Protective Systems
6.5.6 Inspection Methods for Stone Masonry and Mortar
Visual Examination
Physical Examination
Advanced Inspection Methods
6.6 Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
6.6.1 Introduction
Repair and Retrofit of Concrete Members Using FRP Composites
Repair and Retrofit of Steel Members Using FRP Composites
Repair and Retrofit of Timber Members Using FRP Composites
FRP Decks and Slabs in New Construction
FRP Reinforcement in New Construction
FRP Superstructure Members in New Construction
6.6.2 Properties of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
Composition
Physical Properties
Mechanical Properties
6.6.3 Fiber Reinforced Polymer Construction Methods
Fiber Reinforced Polymer
Fiber Reinforced Concrete
6.6.4 Fiber Reinforced Polymer Deficiencies
Blistering
Voids and Delamination
Discoloration
Wrinkling
Fiber Exposure
Scratches
Cracking
6.6.5 Inspection Methods for Fiber Reinforced Polymer
Visual Examination
Physical Examination
Advanced Inspection Methods
6.6.6 Inspection Locations for Fiber Reinforced Polymer
7 Inspection and Evaluation of Bridge Decks and Areas Adjacent to Bridge Decks
7.1 Timber Decks
7.1.1 Introduction
7.1.2 Design Characteristics
Plank Decks
Nailed Laminated Decks
Glued-laminated Deck Panels
Stressed-laminated Decks
Structural Composite Lumber Decks
7.1.3 Wearing Surfaces
Timber
Bituminous
Concrete
7.1.4 Protective Systems
Water Repellents
Preservatives
Fire Retardants
Paint
7.1.5 Overview of CommonDeficiencies
7.1.6 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
7.1.7 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
7.2 Concrete Decks
7.2.1 Introduction
7.2.2 Design Characteristics
Conventionally Reinforced Cast-in-Place
Precast Conventionally Reinforced
Precast Prestressed
Prestressed Deck Panels with Cast-in-Place Topping
Composite Action
Non-Composite Action
Steel Reinforcement
7.2.3 Wearing Surfaces
Concrete
Bituminous
Epoxy Polymers
7.2.4 Protective Systems
Sealants
Epoxy Coated Reinforcement Bars
Galvanized Reinforcement Bars
Stainless Steel Reinforcement Bars
Fiberglass Reinforced Polymer (FRP) bars
Cathodic Protection of Reinforcement Bars
Waterproofing Membrane
7.2.5 Overview of Common Deficiencies
7.2.6 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
7.2.7 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
7.3 Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Decks
7.3.1 Introduction
7.3.2 Design Characteristics
Honeycomb Sandwich
Solid Core Sandwich
Hollow Core Sandwich
7.3.3 Wearing Surfaces
Bituminous
Epoxy Polymers
7.3.4 Overview of Common Deficiencies
7.3.5 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
7.3.6 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
7.4 Steel Decks
7.4.1 Introduction
7.4.2 Design Characteristics
Orthotropic Decks
Buckle Plate Decks
Corrugated Steel Decks
Grid Decks
7.4.3 Wearing Surfaces
Serrated Steel
Concrete
Bituminous
Gravel
7.4.4 Protective Systems
Paints
Galvanizing
Metalizing
Overlay
Epoxy Coating
7.4.5 Overview of Common Deficiencies
7.4.6 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
7.4.7 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
7.5 Deck Joints, Drainage Systems, Lighting and Signs
7.5.1 Function of Deck Joints, Drainage Systems, Lighting and Signs
Deck Joints
Drainage Systems
Lighting and Signs
7.5.2 Components of Deck Joints, Drainage Systems, Lighting and Signs
Deck Joints
Drainage Systems
Lighting
Signs
7.5.3 Common Problems of Deck Joints Drainage Systems, Lighting and Signs
Deck Joints
Drainage Systems
Lighting and Signs
7.5.4 Inspection Locations and Methods for Deck Joints, Drainage Systems, Lighting and Signs
Deck Joints
Drainage Systems
Lighting
Signs
Adhesive Anchors
7.5.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
7.6 Safety Features
7.6.1 Introduction
Purpose
Four Basic Components
7.6.2 Evaluation
Design Criteria
History of Crash Testing
Crash Test Criteria
Current FHWA Policy
Railing Evaluation Results/Resources
Available Training Courses
7.6.3 Identification and Appraisal
Appraisal Coding
36A Bridge Railings
36B Transitions
36C Approach Guardrail
36D Approach Guardrail Ends
7.6.4 Safety Feature Inspection
Inspection
Inspection for Non-NHS Bridges
7.6.5 Median Barriers
7.6.6 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
8 Inspection and Evaluation of Timber Superstructures
8.1 Solid Sawn Timber Bridges
8.1.1 Introduction
8.1.2 Design Characteristics
Multi-beam Bridges
Covered Bridges
Primary and Secondary Members
8.1.3 Overview of Common Deficiencies
8.1.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
8.1.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
8.2 Glulam Timber Bridges
8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.2 Design Characteristics
Multi-beam Bridges
Truss Bridges
Arch Bridges
Primary and Secondary Members
8.2.3 Overview of Common Deficiencies
8.2.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
8.2.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
8.3 Stress-Laminated Timber Bridges
8.3.1 Introduction
8.3.2 Design Characteristics
Stress-Laminated Timber Slab Bridges
Stress-Laminated Timber Tee Beam Bridges
Stress-Laminated Timber Box Beam Bridges
Stress-Laminated Timber K-frame Bridges
Primary and Secondary Members
8.3.3 Overview of Common Deficiencies
8.3.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
8.3.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
9 Inspection and Evaluation of Concrete Superstructures
9.1 Cast-in-Place Slabs
9.1.1 Introduction
9.1.2 Design Characteristics
General
Primary and Secondary Members
Steel Reinforcement
9.1.3 Overview of Common Deficiencies
9.1.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
9.1.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
9.2 Cast-In-Place Tee Beams
9.2.1 Introduction
9.2.2 Design Characteristics
General
Primary and Secondary Members
9.2.3 Overview of Common Deficiencies
9.2.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
Tension Zones
9.2.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
9.3 Conventionally Reinforced Concrete Two-Girder System
9.3.1 Introduction
9.3.2 Design Characteristics
General
Primary and Secondary Members
Steel Reinforcement
9.3.3 Overview of Common Deficiencies
9.3.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
9.3.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
9.4 Concrete Channel Beams
9.4.1 Introduction
9.4.2 Design Characteristics
General
Primary and Secondary Members
Steel Reinforcement
9.4.3 Overview of Common Deficiencies
9.4.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
9.4.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
9.5 Concrete Arches
9.5.1 Introduction
9.5.2 Design Characteristics
General
Primary and Secondary Members
Steel Reinforcement
9.5.3 Overview of Common Deficiencies
9.5.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
9.5.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
9.6 Concrete Rigid Frames
9.6.1 Introduction
9.6.2 Design Characteristics
General
Primary and Secondary Members
Steel Reinforcement
9.6.3 Overview of Common Deficiencies
9.6.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
9.6.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
9.7 Precast and Prestressed Slabs
9.7.1 Introduction
9.7.2 Design Characteristics
General
Monolithic Behavior
Identifying Voided Slabs
Poutre Dalle System
Primary and Secondary Members
Steel Reinforcement
9.7.3 Overview of Common Deficiencies
9.7.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
9.7.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
9.8 Prestressed Double Tees
9.8.1 Introduction
9.8.2 Design Characteristics
General
Primary and Secondary Members
Steel Reinforcement
9.8.3 Overview of Common Deficiencies
9.8.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
9.8.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
9.9 Prestressed I-Beams and Bulb-Tees
9.9.1 Introduction
9.9.2 Design Characteristics
General
Materials – Strength and Durability
High Performance Concrete
Reactive Powder Concrete
Continuity
Spliced Girders
Composite Action
Primary and Secondary Members
Steel Reinforcement
Composite Strands
9.9.3 Overview of Common Deficiencies
9.9.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
9.9.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
9.10 Prestressed Box Beams
9.10.1 Introduction
9.10.2 Design Characteristics
General
Design
Construction
High Performance Concrete
Advantages
Applications
Primary and Secondary Members
Steel Reinforcement
Fiber Reinforced Polymer Strands
9.10.3 Overview of Common Deficiencies
9.10.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
9.10.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
9.10.6 Lessons Learned
Lake View Drive Bridge over Interstate I-70
9.11 Concrete Box Girders
9.11.1 Introduction
9.11.2 Design Characteristics
Concrete Box Girder
Segmental Box Girder
9.11.3 Overview of Common Deficiencies
9.11.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations – Concrete Box Girder
Locations - Segmental Box Girder
9.11.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
10 Inspection and Evaluation of Steel Superstructures
10.1 Rolled Steel Multi-Beams and Fabricated Steel Multi-Girders
10.1.1 Introduction
10.1.2 Design Characteristics
Rolled Multi-Beam
Fabricated Multi-Girder
Haunched Girder Design
Function of Stiffeners
Primary and Secondary Members
Fracture Critical Areas
10.1.3 Overview of Common Deficiencies
10.1.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
10.1.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
10.2 Steel Two-Girder Systems
10.2.1 Introduction
10.2.2 Design Characteristics
Floor System Arrangement
Primary and Secondary Members
Fracture Critical Areas
10.2.3 Overview of Common Deficiencies
10.2.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
10.2.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
10.3 Steel Box Beams and Girders
10.3.1 Introduction
10.3.2 Design Characteristics
Configuration
Fracture Critical Areas
Deck Interaction
10.3.3 Overview of Common Deficiencies
10.3.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
10.3.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
10.4 Steel Trusses
10.4.1 Introduction
10.4.2 Design Characteristics
Through Truss
Pony Truss
Deck Truss
Other Truss Applications
Design Geometry
Panel Points and Panels
Floor System Arrangement
Lateral Bracing
Sway and Portal Bracing
Primary and Secondary Members
Fracture Critical Members
10.4.3 Overview of Common Deficiencies
10.4.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
10.4.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
10.5 Steel Arches
10.5.1 Introduction
10.5.2 Deck Arch Design Characteristics
General
Primary and Secondary Members
Load Transfer
Fracture Critical Members
10.5.3 Through Arch Design Characteristics
General
Primary and Secondary Members
Load Transfer
Fracture Critical Members
10.5.4 Tied Arch Design Characteristics
General
Primary and Secondary Members
Load Transfer
Fracture Critical Members
10.5.5 Overview of Common Deficiencies
10.5.6 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
10.5.7 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
10.6 Steel Rigid Frames
10.6.1 Introduction
10.6.2 Design Characteristics
General
Stiffeners
Floor System Arrangement
Primary and Secondary Members
Stress Zones
Fracture Critical Members
10.6.3 Overview of Common Deficiencies
10.6.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
10.6.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
10.7 Pin-and-Hanger Assemblies
10.7.1 Introduction
10.7.2 Design Characteristics
Primary and Secondary Members
Forces in a Pin – Design vs. Actual
Fracture Critical Pin-and-Hanger Assemblies
10.7.3 Overview of Common Deficiencies
10.7.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
10.7.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
10.8 Gusset Plates
10.8.1 Introduction
10.8.2 Design Characteristics
Gusset Plates Connecting Primary Members
Gusset Plates Connecting Secondary Members
10.8.3 Overview of Common Deficiencies
10.8.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
10.8.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
10.8.6 Reasons to Inspect
10.9 Steel Eyebars
10.9.1 Introduction
10.9.2 Design Characteristics
Development of Steel Eyebars
Forging
Heat Treating and Annealing
Packing
Spacers
Redundancy
10.9.3 Overview of Common Deficiencies
10.9.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
10.9.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
11 Inspection and Evaluation of Bridge Bearings
11.1 Bridge Bearings
11.1.1 Introduction
Fixed and Moveable Bearings
11.1.2 Four Basic Elements of a Bearing
Sole Plate
Bearing or Bearing Device
Masonry Plate
Anchor Bolts
11.1.3 Bearing Types and Functionality
Moveable Bearings
Elastomeric Bearings
Pot Bearings
Disk Bearings
Fixed Bearings
Enclosed or Concealed Bearings
Uncommon Bearings
11.1.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
General
Inspection of Steel Bearings
Inspection of Elastomeric Bearings
11.1.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
Serious Bearing Conditions
12 Inspection and Evaluation of Substructures
12.1 Abutments and Wingwalls
12.1.1 Introduction
12.1.2 Design Characteristics of Abutments
Common Abutment Types
Less Common Abutment Types
Primary Materials
Primary and Secondary Reinforcement
Abutment Members
Foundation Types
12.1.3 Design Characteristics of Wingwalls
General
Geometrical Classifications
Construction Classifications
Primary Materials
Primary and Secondary Reinforcement
12.1.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Visual
Locations
12.1.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
12.2 Piers and Bents
12.2.1 Introduction
12.2.2 Design Characteristics
Pier and Bent Types
Primary Materials
Primary and Secondary Reinforcement
Pier and Bent Members
Foundation Types
Pier Protection
12.2.3 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
12.2.4 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
13 Inspection and Evaluation of Waterways
13.1 Waterway Elements
13.1.1 Introduction
13.1.2 Properties Affecting Waterways
13.1.3 Purpose of Waterway Inspections
Identify Critical Damage
Record Existing Channel Conditions
Monitor Channel Changes
13.1.4 Channel Characteristics
Elements of a Channel
Types of Channels
Meandering Rivers
Braided Rivers
Straight Rivers
Steep Mountain Streams
13.1.5 Floodplain Characteristics
13.1.6 Hydraulic Opening
13.1.7 Hydraulic Countermeasures
River Control Structures
Armoring Countermeasures
13.2 Inspection of Waterways
13.2.1 Introduction
13.2.2 Waterway Performance Factors
Waterway Alignment
Streamflow Velocity
Hydraulic Opening
Streambed Material
Substructure Shape
Foundation Type
13.2.3 Waterway Deficiencies
Total Scour
Lateral Stream Migration
13.2.4 Effects of Waterway Deficiencies
Material Defects
Bridge Damage
13.2.5 Inspection Preparation
Information Required
Inspection Methods
Equipment
Special Considerations
13.2.6 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
13.2.7 Evaluation
Scour Plan of Action
Scour Potential Assessment
Purpose and Objective
NBI Condition Rating Guidelines
13.2.8 Culvert Waterway
13.3 Underwater Inspection
13.3.1 Introduction
Bridge Selection Criteria
13.3.2 Diving Inspection Intensity Levels
Level I
Level II
Level III
13.3.3 Types of Inspection
Routine Underwater (Periodic) Inspections
Initial (Inventory) Inspections
Damage Inspections
In-Depth Inspections
Special (Interim) Inspections
Conditions for Inspections
Frequency of Inspection
13.3.4 Qualifications of Diver-Inspectors
Federal Commercial Diving Regulations
Diver Training and Certification
13.3.5 Planning an Underwater Inspection
Quality Control and Quality Assurance
13.3.6 Substructure Units and Elements
Bents
Piers
Abutments
Caissons
Cofferdams and Foundation Seals
Protection Devices
Culverts
13.3.7 Underwater Inspection for Material Deficiencies
Concrete
Masonry
Timber
Steel
Composite Materials
Vessel Damage
Hands-on Inspection of Material Underwater
Measuring Damage
Recordkeeping and Documentation
13.3.8 Special Considerations for Underwater Inspections
Dealing with Current
Dealing with Drift and Debris
Cleaning
Physical Limitations
Decompression Sickness
Marine Traffic
13.3.9 Types of Underwater Inspection
Wading Inspection
Commercial SCUBA
Surface-Supplied Diving
Inspection Type Selection Criteria
13.3.10 Underwater Inspection Equipment
Diving Equipment
Surface Communications
Access Equipment
Tools
Advanced Inspection Methods
Underwater Imaging
13.3.11 Scour Inspections
Sounding Devices
Geophysical Inspection
Diver Inspections
14 Characteristics, Inspection and Evaluation of Culverts
14.1 Culvert Characteristics
14.1.1 Introduction
Purpose of Culvert Inspection
Safety
Maintenance Needs
Outcomes
14.1.2 Differentiation Between Culverts and Bridges
Hydraulic
Structural
Maintenance
Traffic Safety
Construction
Durability
Inspection
14.1.3 Structural Characteristics of Culverts
Loads on Culverts
Construction and Installation Requirements
14.1.4 Culvert Shapes
Circular
Pipe Arch and Elliptical Shapes
Arches
Box Sections
Multiple Barrels
Frame Culverts
14.1.5 Culvert Materials
Precast Concrete
Cast-in-Place Concrete
Metal Culverts
Masonry
Timber
Plastic
Other Materials
14.1.6 Culvert End Treatments
14.1.7 Hydraulics of Culverts
Hydrologic Analysis
Hydraulic Analysis
Special Hydraulic Considerations
14.1.8 Factors Affecting Culvert Performance
14.1.9 Types and Locations of Culvert Distress
Types of Distress
Inspection Locations
Overall Condition
Approach Roadway and Embankment
Embankment
End Treatments
Appurtenance Structures
Culvert Barrel
14.1.10 Durability
14.1.11 Soil and Water Conditions that Affect Culverts
pH Extremes
Electrical Resistivity
Soil Characteristics
14.1.12 Culvert Protective Systems
Extra Thickness
Bituminous Coating
Bituminous Paved Inverts
Other Coatings
14.2 Rigid Culverts
14.2.1 Introduction
14.2.2 Design Characteristics
Concrete Culverts
Masonry Culverts
Timber Culverts
Loads on Culverts
Primary and Secondary Members
Steel Reinforcement for Concrete Culverts
14.2.3 Overview of Common Deficiencies
14.2.4 Inspection Methods and Locations
Methods
Locations
14.2.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
14.3 Flexible Culverts
14.3.1 Introduction
14.3.2 Design Characteristics
Structural Behavior
14.3.3 Types and Shapes of Flexible Culverts
Corrugated Pipe
Structural Plate
Long Span Culverts
Box Culverts
Plastic Culverts
14.3.4 Overview of Common Deficiencies
14.3.5 Inspection Methods and Locations
Method
Locations
14.3.6 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
15 Advanced Inspection Methods
15.1 Timber
15.1.1 Introduction
15.1.2 Nondestructive Testing Methods
Sonic Testing
Spectral Analysis
Ultrasonic Testing
Vibration
15.1.3 Other Testing Methods
Boring or Drilling
Moisture Content
Probing
Field Ohmmeter
15.2 Concrete
15.2.1 Introduction
15.2.2 Nondestructive Testing Methods
Acoustic Wave Sonic/Ultrasonic Velocity Measurements
Electrical Methods
Delamination Detection Machinery
Ground-Penetrating Radar
Electromagnetic Methods
Pulse Velocity
Flat Jack Testing
Impact-Echo Testing
Infrared Thermography
Laser Ultrasonic Testing
Magnetic Field Disturbance
Neutron Probe for Detection of Chlorides
Nuclear Methods
Pachometer
Rebound and Penetration Methods
Ultrasonic Testing
Smart Concrete
Radiography
Carbonation
15.2.3 Other Testing Methods
Concrete Permeability
Concrete Strength
Endoscopes and Videoscopes
Moisture Content
Petrographic Examination
Reinforcing Steel Strength
Chloride Test
ASR Evaluation
15.3 Steel
15.3.1 Introduction
15.3.2 Nondestructive Testing Methods
Acoustic Emission Testing
Corrosion Sensors
Smart Coatings
Dye Penetrant
Magnetic Particle
Radiography Testing
Computed Tomography
Robotic Inspection
Ultrasonic Testing
Eddy Current
Electrochemical Fatigue Sensor (EFS)
Magnetic Flux Leakage
Laser Vibrometer
15.3.3 Other Testing Methods
Brinell Hardness Test
Charpy Impact Test
15.4 Advanced Bridge Evaluation
15.4.1 Introduction
15.4.2 Advanced Bridge Evaluation Methods
Strain or Displacement Sensors
Other Available Sensors
Dynamic Load Testing
System Identification
Practical Considerations for Selection and Use of Advanced Bridge Evaluation Technologies
16 Complex Bridges
16.1 Cable-Supported Bridges
16.1.1 Introduction
16.1.2 Design Characteristics
Suspension Bridges
Cable-Stayed Bridges
Types of Cables
Corrosion Protection of Cables
Types of Towers
16.1.3 Suspension Bridges
Main Suspension Cables and Suspender Cables
Anchorage and Connections
Vibrations
16.1.4 Cable-Stayed Bridges
Cable Arrangements and Systems
Cable Planes
Anchorages and Connections
Vibrations
16.1.5 Overview of Common Deficiencies
16.1.6 Inspection Locations and Methods for Suspension Bridge Cable System Elements
Main Cable Anchorage Elements
Main Suspension Cables
Saddles
Suspender Cables and Connections
Sockets
Cable Bands
Recordkeeping and Documentation
16.1.7 Inspection Locations and Methods for Cable-Stayed Bridge Cable System Elements
Inspection Elements
Cable Wrapping
Cable Sheathing Assembly
Dampers
Anchorages
Recordkeeping and Documentation
16.1.8 Advanced Inspection Methods
16.1.9 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
16.2 Movable Bridges
16.2.1 Introduction
16.2.2 Swing Bridges Design Characteristics
Center-Bearing
Rim-Bearing
16.2.3 Bascule Bridges Design Characteristics
Rolling Lift (Scherzer) Bridge
Simple Trunnion (Chicago) Bridge
Multi-Trunnion (Strauss Bridge)
16.2.4 Vertical Lift Bridges Design Characteristics
Power and Drive System on Lift Span
Power and Drive System on Towers
16.2.5 Special Elements Common to All Movable Bridges
Open Gearing
Speed Reducers Including Differentials
Shafts and Couplings
Bearings
Brakes
Drives
Air Buffers and Shock Absorbers
Span Locks
Counterweights
Live Load Shoes and Strike Plates
Traffic Barriers
16.2.6 Swing Bridge Special Elements
Pivot Bearings
Balance Wheels
Rim-Bearing Rollers
Wedges
End Latches
16.2.7 Bascule Bridge Special Elements
Rolling Lift Tread and Track Castings
Racks and Pinions
Trunnions and Trunnion Bearings
Hopkins Frame
Tail (Rear) Locks
Center Locks
Transverse Locks
16.2.8 Vertical Lift Bridge Special Elements
Wire Ropes and Sockets
Drums, Pulleys, and Sheaves
Span and Counterweight Guides
Balance Chains
Span Leveling Devices
16.2.9 Overview of Common Deficiencies
Steel
Concrete
16.2.10 Inspection Locations and Methods - Safety
Movable Bridge Inspector Safety
Inspection Considerations
Public Safety
Navigational Safety
Structure Safety
Dependable Operation
16.2.11 Inspection Locations and Methods of Movable Bridge Opening and Closing Sequences
Interlocking for Normal Operation
Opening Sequence
Closing Sequence
16.2.12 Inspection Locations and Methods for the Control House
16.2.13 Inspection Locations and Methods for Structural Members
Deficiencies
Fatigue
Counterweights and Attachments
Piers
Steel Grid Decks
Concrete Decks
Other Structural Considerations
16.2.14 Inspection Locations and Methods for Machinery Members
Trial Openings
Machinery Inspection Considerations
Operation and General System Condition
Maintenance Methods
Open Gearing
Speed Reducers Including Differentials
Shafts and Couplings
Bearings
Brakes
Drives - Electric Motors
Drives - Hydraulic Equipment
Auxiliary Drives
Drives - Internal Combustion Engines
Locks
Live Load Shoes and Strike Plates
Air Buffer Cylinders and Shock Absorbers
Machinery Frames, Supports, and Foundations
Fasteners
Wedges
Special Machinery for Swing Bridges
Special Machinery for Bascule Bridges
Special Machinery for Vertical Lift Bridges
16.2.15 Electrical Inspection Considerations
Power Supplies
Motors
Transformers
Circuit Breakers
Wires and Cables
Cabinets
Conduit
Junction Boxes
Meters
Control Starters and Contactors/Relays
Limit Switches
Selsyn Transmitters and Receivers
Service Light and Outlet
16.2.16 Hydraulic Inspection Considerations
16.2.17 Recordkeeping and Documentation
General
Inspection and Maintenance Data
16.2.18 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
16.3 Floating Bridges
16.3.1 Introduction
16.3.2 Design Characteristics
Pontoons
Continuous Pontoons
Anchoring Systems
Types of Anchoring Systems
16.3.3 Overview of Common Deficiencies
16.3.4 Inspection Locations and Methods
Methods
Locations
16.3.5 Evaluation
NBI Component Condition Rating Guidelines
Element Level Condition State Assessment
Appendix A Sample Inspection Report
PORT AUTHORITY OF ALLEGHENY COUNTYPITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIAREPORT ON THE NBIS INSPECTION OF CHARTIERS CREEK BRIDGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. LOCATION MAP:
II. INTRODUCTION:
Location
Year Built
Load Posting
Description
III. INSPECTION FINDINGS:
Approach
Deck
Superstructure
Substructure
IV. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS:
V. RECOMMENDATIONS AND COST ESTIMATE:
Appendix B Subpart C National Bridge Inspection Standards
§ 650.301 Purpose.
§ 650.303 Applicability.
§ 650.305 Definitions.
§ 650.307 Bridge inspection organization.
§ 650.309 Qualifications of personnel.
§ 650.311 Inspection frequency.
650.313 Inspection procedures.
§ 650.315 Inventory.
650.317 Reference manuals.
Bibliography
Glossary
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